The Global Campaign against Headache, directed by the non-governmental organization Lifting The Burden (LTB) in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), aspires to reduce the global burden of headache. Ultimately this calls for improvements in headache management, largely in primary care, where most people with headache receive medical care. In support, LTB is developing a range of headache management aids for primary care. Presently, no single instrument covers the range of assessment and decision-making necessary for successful headache management, and few make the important link between assessment and clinical advice. Expressly to fill this gap, LTB has developed a new instrument: the Headache Under-Response to Treatment (HURT) Questionnaire, an eight-item, self-administered questionnaire addressing headache frequency, disability, medication use and effect, perceptions of headache "control" and knowledge of diagnosis. This instrument is intended not only to evaluate current headache outcomes and assess the need for and response to treatment, but also to provide guidance on appropriate actions towards treatment optimization. The first draft of the HURT was created by an expert consensus group, meeting at WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The final version came about through multiple refinements following psychometric testing. Assessment of clinical utility is ongoing in multiple countries.