TY - JOUR

T1 - Niche and neutral processes leave distinct structural imprints on indirect interactions in mutualistic networks

AU - Simmons, Benno I.

AU - Beckerman, Andrew P.

AU - Hansen, Katrine

AU - Maruyama, Pietro K.

AU - Televantos, Constantinos

AU - Vizentin-Bugoni, Jeferson

AU - Dalsgaard, Bo

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Indirect interactions are central to ecological and evolutionary dynamics in pollination communities, yet we have little understanding about the processes determining patterns of indirect interactions, such as those between pollinators through shared flowering plants. Instead, research has concentrated on the processes responsible for direct interactions and whole-network structures. This is partly due to a lack of appropriate tools for characterising indirect interaction structures, because traditional network metrics discard much of this information. The recent development of tools for counting motifs (subnetworks depicting interactions between a small number of species) in bipartite networks enables detailed analysis of indirect interaction patterns. Here we generate plant–hummingbird pollination networks based on three major assembly processes—neutral effects (species interacting in proportion to abundance), morphological matching and phenological overlap—and evaluate the motifs associated with each one. We find that different processes produce networks with significantly different patterns of indirect interactions. Neutral effects tend to produce densely connected motifs, with short indirect interaction chains, and motifs where many specialists interact indirectly through a single generalist. Conversely, niche-based processes (morphology and phenology) produced motifs with a core of interacting generalists, supported by peripheral specialists. These results have important implications for understanding the processes determining indirect interaction structures. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

AB - Indirect interactions are central to ecological and evolutionary dynamics in pollination communities, yet we have little understanding about the processes determining patterns of indirect interactions, such as those between pollinators through shared flowering plants. Instead, research has concentrated on the processes responsible for direct interactions and whole-network structures. This is partly due to a lack of appropriate tools for characterising indirect interaction structures, because traditional network metrics discard much of this information. The recent development of tools for counting motifs (subnetworks depicting interactions between a small number of species) in bipartite networks enables detailed analysis of indirect interaction patterns. Here we generate plant–hummingbird pollination networks based on three major assembly processes—neutral effects (species interacting in proportion to abundance), morphological matching and phenological overlap—and evaluate the motifs associated with each one. We find that different processes produce networks with significantly different patterns of indirect interactions. Neutral effects tend to produce densely connected motifs, with short indirect interaction chains, and motifs where many specialists interact indirectly through a single generalist. Conversely, niche-based processes (morphology and phenology) produced motifs with a core of interacting generalists, supported by peripheral specialists. These results have important implications for understanding the processes determining indirect interaction structures. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

KW - hummingbird

KW - motifs

KW - plant–pollinator network

KW - pollination

U2 - 10.1111/1365-2435.13736

DO - 10.1111/1365-2435.13736

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85097845542

VL - 35

SP - 753

EP - 763

JO - Functional Ecology

JF - Functional Ecology

SN - 0269-8463

IS - 3

ER -