Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite
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- Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite
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BACKGROUND: Diet-induced weight loss (WL) is usually accompanied by increased appetite, a response that seems to be absent when ketogenic diets are used. It remains unknown if sex modulates the appetite suppressant effect of ketosis.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine if sex modulates the impact of WL-induced changes in appetite and if ketosis alters these responses.
METHODS: Ninety-five individuals (55 females) with obesity (BMI [kg/m 2]: 37 ± 4) underwent 8 wk of a very-low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. Body composition, plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY [PYY], cholecystokinin and insulin), and subjective feelings of appetite were measured at baseline, week 9 in ketosis, and week 13 out of ketosis.
RESULTS: The mean WL at week 9 was 17% for males and 15% for females, which was maintained at week 13. Weight, fat, and fat-free mass loss were greater in males (P < 0.001 for all) and the increase in β-HB at week 9 higher in females (1.174 ± 0.096 compared with 0.783 ± 0.112 mmol/L, P = 0.029). Basal and postprandial GLP-1 and postprandial PYY (all P < 0.05) were significantly different for males and females. There were no significant sex × time interactions for any other appetite-related hormones or subjective feelings of appetite. At week 9, basal GLP-1 was decreased only in males (P < 0.001), whereas postprandial GLP-1 was increased only in females (P < 0.001). No significant changes in postprandial PYY were observed over time for either sex.
CONCLUSIONS: Ketosis appears to have a greater beneficial impact on GLP-1 in females. However, sex does not seem to modulate the changes in the secretion of other appetite-related hormones, or subjective feelings of appetite, seen with WL, regardless of the ketotic state. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01834859.
Original language | English |
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Journal | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
Volume | 109 |
Issue number | 6 |
Pages (from-to) | 1511-1518 |
Number of pages | 8 |
ISSN | 0002-9165 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2019 |
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Appetite, Cholecystokinin/blood, Female, Ghrelin/blood, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood, Humans, Insulin/blood, Ketosis/blood, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/blood, Peptide YY/blood, Sex Factors, Weight Loss, Young Adult
Research areas
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