Green and sustainable drug analysis: Combining microsampling and microextraction of drugs of abuse
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A novel method combining microsampling of whole blood containing drugs of abuse with 96-well liquid solution microextraction (Parallel Artificial Liquid Membrane Extraction, PALME) and analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was evaluated. Different donor solutions, supported liquid membranes and acceptor solutions were tested, and the most promising set-up was validated. The method included common classes of drugs of abuse, such as opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics. Extraction recoveries above 70% were found for 13 of the compounds, while the last four compounds had recoveries of 10–58%. THC was not extracted with the current method. A linear calibration model was found for all drugs but morphine. Limits of quantitation were between 1 and 5 ng/mL and inter-day precision and accuracy was within 20% for all compounds except for morphine and zopiclone that had a CV of 25% at LOQ. All matrix effects were within 78–123%. Samples were stable for 14 days except for zopiclone and zolpidem. With low-cost, high sample throughput, semi-automated miniaturized sample preparation in combination with dried blood microsamples, and an Eco-Scale score of 78, the proposed method fulfills green chemistry principles.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 100517 |
| Journal | Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy |
| Volume | 24 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:
For other drugs of abuse not previously sampled with VAMS, DBS results could be used as an indication of stability, although the difference between VAMS samples polymeric material and cellulose used in DBS cards should be kept in mind. Up to one month stability in DBS at room temperature has been found for benzodiazepines and cocaine (Alfazil and Anderson 2008), fentanyl analogues (Seymour et al., 2018) and methadone (Saracino et al., 2012). Sim?es et al. found long term stability (eight months) for codeine, methamphetamine, MDMA, EDDP and methadone. Amphetamine, MDA and cocaine were seen to decrease, while benzoylecgonine, morphine and 6-AM increased with time. For morphine and benzoylecgonine degradation of 6-AM or cocaine could contribute, in addition an increase of the extraction efficiency from the paper support was suggested as a possible explanation. For all compounds storage at ?10 ?C yielded stable DBS results for up to 8 months.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper: The collection and analysis of biological samples in the roadside survey was sponsored by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, and the Norwegian Directorate of Health. This study has not received any additional external financial support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors
- Drugs of abuse, Green chemistry, Microextraction (PALME), Microsampling (VAMS), Sustainable drug analysis
Research areas
ID: 286421532