Cholecystokinin and panic disorder: Reflections on the history and some unsolved questions
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The classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) and its CCK2-receptor are expressed in almost all regions of the brain. This widespread expression makes CCK by far the most abundant peptidergic transmitter system in the brain. This CNS-ubiquity has, however, complicated the de-lineation of the roles of CCK peptides in normal brain functions and neuropsychiatric diseases. Nev-ertheless, the common panic disorder disease is apparently associated with CCK in the brain. Thus, the C-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of CCK (CCK-4) induces, by intravenous administration in a dose-related manner, panic attacks that are similar to the endogenous attacks in panic disorder pa-tients. This review describes the history behind the discovery of the panicogenic effect of CCK-4. Subsequently, the review discusses three unsettled questions about the involvement of cerebral CCK in the pathogenesis of anxiety and panic disorder, including therapeutic attempts with CCK2-receptor antagonists.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 5657 |
Journal | Molecules |
Volume | 26 |
Issue number | 18 |
ISSN | 1420-3049 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
- Anxiety, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Neuropeptides, Panic disorder, Panicogenicity, Peptidergic neurotransmission
Research areas
ID: 303771231