Background
A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of exercise therapy on physical function, independence, and well-being in older patients following hip fracture and, secondly, whether the effect was modified by trial-level characteristics such as intervention modality, duration, and initiation timepoint.

Method
Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL, and PEDro were searched up to November 2020. Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of exercise therapy on physical function, independence, and well-being in older patients following hip fracture, initiated from time of surgery up to 1 year.

Results
Forty-nine studies involving 3 905 participants showed a small-to-moderate effect of exercise therapy at short term (end of intervention) on mobility (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–0.76); activities of daily living (ADL) (SMD 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.46); lower limb muscle strength (SMD 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13–0.60); and balance (SMD 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14–0.54). At long term (closest to 1 year), small-to-moderate effects were found for mobility (SMD 0.74, 95% CI: 0.15–1.34), ADL (SMD 0.42, 95% CI: 0.23–0.61), balance (SMD 0.50, 95% CI: 0.07–0.94), and health-related quality of life (SMD 0.31, 95% CI: 0.03–0.59). Certainty of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation ranging from moderate to very low, due to study limitation and inconsistency.

Conclusion
We found low certainty of evidence for a moderate effect of exercise therapy on mobility in older patients following hip fracture at end of treatment and follow-up. Further, low evidence was found for small-to-moderate short-term effect on ADL, lower limb muscle strength and balance.