TY - JOUR

T1 - A comparison of the fate of diflufenican in agricultural sandy soil and gravel used in urban areas

AU - Svendsen, Sif B.

AU - Carvalho, Pedro N.

AU - Bollmann, Ulla E.

AU - Ellegaard-Jensen, Lea

AU - Albers, Christian N.

AU - Strobel, Bjarne W.

AU - Jacobsen, Carsten S.

AU - Bester, Kai

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Diflufenican is used in both agricultural and urban areas to control weeds. However, in Europe pesticides are regulated using agricultural soil data only. Urban soils where the top layer is replaced by gravel (e.g. driveways, outdoor tiled areas) can evidently differ from agricultural soils in many biotic and physical properties. In the present study, we compared the degradation, mineralization, sorption and aging of diflufenican between an agricultural sandy soil to a gravel used in urban areas. Both diflufenican and its two main aerobic metabolites were investigated. Diflufenican and the metabolites degraded slower in gravel than in agricultural soil. One of the metabolites, 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]nicolinic add (AE B107137 as identified by EISA: further abbreviated as AE-B), was formed from the incubation of diflufenican in both soil and gravel, however, showing different formation patterns in the two materials: No accumulation of AE-B was determined in the soil, whereas in gravel, an accumulation of AE-B was determined over the full study period of 150 days. After 150 days, approximately 10% of the applied diflufenican was mineralised in the soil (cumulative), while it was not mineralised in the gravel. Diflufenican showed much stronger sorption to the soil than to the gravel, while the sorption of the metabolites was weaker than diflufenican in both soil and gravel. Within the experimental period, the influence of aging on the fate of diflufenican in soil and gravel is limited (

AB - Diflufenican is used in both agricultural and urban areas to control weeds. However, in Europe pesticides are regulated using agricultural soil data only. Urban soils where the top layer is replaced by gravel (e.g. driveways, outdoor tiled areas) can evidently differ from agricultural soils in many biotic and physical properties. In the present study, we compared the degradation, mineralization, sorption and aging of diflufenican between an agricultural sandy soil to a gravel used in urban areas. Both diflufenican and its two main aerobic metabolites were investigated. Diflufenican and the metabolites degraded slower in gravel than in agricultural soil. One of the metabolites, 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]nicolinic add (AE B107137 as identified by EISA: further abbreviated as AE-B), was formed from the incubation of diflufenican in both soil and gravel, however, showing different formation patterns in the two materials: No accumulation of AE-B was determined in the soil, whereas in gravel, an accumulation of AE-B was determined over the full study period of 150 days. After 150 days, approximately 10% of the applied diflufenican was mineralised in the soil (cumulative), while it was not mineralised in the gravel. Diflufenican showed much stronger sorption to the soil than to the gravel, while the sorption of the metabolites was weaker than diflufenican in both soil and gravel. Within the experimental period, the influence of aging on the fate of diflufenican in soil and gravel is limited (

KW - Biocides

KW - Herbicides

KW - Urban pesticides

KW - Degradation

KW - Mineralisation

KW - Aging

KW - ORGANIC-MATTER COMPOSITION

KW - TIME-DEPENDENT SORPTION

KW - 2,6-DICHLOROBENZAMIDE BAM

KW - PESTICIDE USES

KW - SURFACE

KW - GROUNDWATER

KW - HERBICIDES

KW - WATER

KW - MINERALIZATION

KW - CONTAMINATION

U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136803

DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136803

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 32069738

VL - 715

JO - Science of the Total Environment

JF - Science of the Total Environment

SN - 0048-9697

M1 - 136803

ER -