Temporal changes in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency when breath-hold diving below residual volume
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Temporal changes in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency when breath-hold diving below residual volume. / Patrician, Alexander; Spajić, Boris; Gasho, Christopher; Caldwell, Hannah Grace; Dawkins, Tony; Stembridge, Michael; Lovering, Andrew T; Coombs, Geoff B; Howe, Connor A; Barak, Otto; Drviš, Ivan; Dujić, Željko; Ainslie, Philip N.
In: Experimental Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 4, 2021, p. 1120-1133.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Temporal changes in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency when breath-hold diving below residual volume
AU - Patrician, Alexander
AU - Spajić, Boris
AU - Gasho, Christopher
AU - Caldwell, Hannah Grace
AU - Dawkins, Tony
AU - Stembridge, Michael
AU - Lovering, Andrew T
AU - Coombs, Geoff B
AU - Howe, Connor A
AU - Barak, Otto
AU - Drviš, Ivan
AU - Dujić, Željko
AU - Ainslie, Philip N
N1 - (Ekstern)
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative and extreme physiological responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. Over two diving training camps (Study 1 and 2), 25 breath-hold divers (recreational to world-champion) performed 66 dives to 57 ± 20 m (range: 18–117 m). Using the deepest dive from each diver, temporal changes in cardiopulmonary function were assessed using non-invasive pulmonary gas exchange (indexed via the O2 deficit), ultrasound B-line scores, lung compliance and pulmonary haemodynamics at baseline and following the dive. Hydrostatically induced lung compression was quantified in Study 2, using spirometry and lung volume measurement, enabling each dive to be categorized by its residual volume (RV)-equivalent depth. From both studies, pulmonary gas exchange inefficiency – defined as an increase in O2 deficit – was related to the depth of the dive (r2= 0.345; P < 0.001), with dives associated with lung squeeze symptoms exhibiting the greatest deficits. In Study 1, although B-lines doubled from baseline (P = 0.027), cardiac output and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were unchanged post-dive. In Study 2, dives with lung compression to ≤RV had higher O2 deficits at 9 min, compared to dives that did not exceed RV (24 ± 25 vs. 5 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.021). The physiological significance of a small increase in estimated lung compliance post-dive (via decreased and increased/unaltered airway resistance and reactance, respectively) remains equivocal. Following deep dives, the current study highlights an integrated link between hydrostatically induced lung compression and transient impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency.
AB - Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative and extreme physiological responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. Over two diving training camps (Study 1 and 2), 25 breath-hold divers (recreational to world-champion) performed 66 dives to 57 ± 20 m (range: 18–117 m). Using the deepest dive from each diver, temporal changes in cardiopulmonary function were assessed using non-invasive pulmonary gas exchange (indexed via the O2 deficit), ultrasound B-line scores, lung compliance and pulmonary haemodynamics at baseline and following the dive. Hydrostatically induced lung compression was quantified in Study 2, using spirometry and lung volume measurement, enabling each dive to be categorized by its residual volume (RV)-equivalent depth. From both studies, pulmonary gas exchange inefficiency – defined as an increase in O2 deficit – was related to the depth of the dive (r2= 0.345; P < 0.001), with dives associated with lung squeeze symptoms exhibiting the greatest deficits. In Study 1, although B-lines doubled from baseline (P = 0.027), cardiac output and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were unchanged post-dive. In Study 2, dives with lung compression to ≤RV had higher O2 deficits at 9 min, compared to dives that did not exceed RV (24 ± 25 vs. 5 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.021). The physiological significance of a small increase in estimated lung compliance post-dive (via decreased and increased/unaltered airway resistance and reactance, respectively) remains equivocal. Following deep dives, the current study highlights an integrated link between hydrostatically induced lung compression and transient impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency.
KW - Breath-hold
KW - Diving
KW - Immersion
KW - Lung compression
KW - Pulmonary gas exchange
KW - Residual volume
KW - Spirometry
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102306739&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1113/EP089176
DO - 10.1113/EP089176
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 33559974
AN - SCOPUS:85102306739
VL - 106
SP - 1120
EP - 1133
JO - Experimental Physiology
JF - Experimental Physiology
SN - 0958-0670
IS - 4
ER -
ID: 258707094