TY - JOUR

T1 - Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in black nylon and other food-contact materials, 2004-2009

AU - Trier, X.

AU - Okholm, B.

AU - Foverskov, A.

AU - Binderup, M.-L.

AU - Petersen, J. H.

N1 - Funding Information: Thanks to the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration for funding these campaigns, and to the food inspectors who supplied good samples and in-house documentation. A special thanks to our skilled technicians Tove Skands, Jette Boyer, and Lisbeth Krüger Jensen for sample preparation and working – in the dark – while performing the migration analysis. A final thanks goes to Otto Piringer, FABES, for fitting the experimental data to the migration model.

PY - 2010

Y1 - 2010

N2 - Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) in migrates from 234 samples of food-contact materials, including black nylon (polyamide) kitchen utensils (n=136), coloured plastics (28), and clear/printed multilayer film/laminates (41), from retailers, importers, and food producers. A further 29 utensils in use were obtained from colleagues. Very high PAA migration was found from black nylon kitchen utensils to the food simulant 3% acetic acid: the 'non-detectable' limit (20μg aniline equivalents kg-1 food) was exceeded by up to 2100 times. All the other materials were compliant. The majority of the non-compliant utensils came from China. The predominant PAAs were aniline and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (4,4′-MDA). The frequency of violations decreased from the year 2004 (55%) to the autumn of 2005 (13%), possibly due to increased demands for in-house documentation, but they remained almost constant from 2005 to 2009. The validity of the results was shown by recovery studies, participation in proficiency testing, and comparative testing of utensils by two laboratories. Migration modelling was used to compare how various compliance migration test conditions influenced the final test results. Long-term release of PAAs was fitted by diffusion modelling experiments and long-term release was also seen as expected from used utensils. Toxicologists consider these migration levels of the suspected carcinogenic PAAs as a problem of major concern.

AB - Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) in migrates from 234 samples of food-contact materials, including black nylon (polyamide) kitchen utensils (n=136), coloured plastics (28), and clear/printed multilayer film/laminates (41), from retailers, importers, and food producers. A further 29 utensils in use were obtained from colleagues. Very high PAA migration was found from black nylon kitchen utensils to the food simulant 3% acetic acid: the 'non-detectable' limit (20μg aniline equivalents kg-1 food) was exceeded by up to 2100 times. All the other materials were compliant. The majority of the non-compliant utensils came from China. The predominant PAAs were aniline and 4,4′-methylenedianiline (4,4′-MDA). The frequency of violations decreased from the year 2004 (55%) to the autumn of 2005 (13%), possibly due to increased demands for in-house documentation, but they remained almost constant from 2005 to 2009. The validity of the results was shown by recovery studies, participation in proficiency testing, and comparative testing of utensils by two laboratories. Migration modelling was used to compare how various compliance migration test conditions influenced the final test results. Long-term release of PAAs was fitted by diffusion modelling experiments and long-term release was also seen as expected from used utensils. Toxicologists consider these migration levels of the suspected carcinogenic PAAs as a problem of major concern.

KW - Colours

KW - Diffusion

KW - Food simulants

KW - Food-contact materials

KW - Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)

KW - Migration

KW - Regulations

KW - Risk assessment

KW - Survey

U2 - 10.1080/19440049.2010.487500

DO - 10.1080/19440049.2010.487500

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 20640962

AN - SCOPUS:77954641914

VL - 27

SP - 1325

EP - 1335

JO - Food Additives and Contaminants

JF - Food Additives and Contaminants

SN - 0265-203X

IS - 9

ER -