hemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a devastating adverse effect associated with treatment of childhood cancer that can lead to disruption of normal childhood activities and delay in important treatment with oral medicaments. Guidelines have been developed by several cancer associations helping clinicians to select proper antiemetic prophylaxis.1–4 Generally, 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, and dexamethasone are recommended to prevent CINV in children. The evidence directing these guidelines is limited by lack of available paediatric studies, and CINV control remains therefore often suboptimal for patients and a clinical challenge for healthcare professionals. However, emerging paediatric data are available in this increasingly popular research area, and newer antiemetic drugs, including olanzapine and lorazepam, may improve the CINV control.

In this review, we provide information on the missing evidence in prevention and treatment of CINV in children, discuss barriers to use the available guidelines, and highlight areas for further research.