In the last decades, methodological advancements in the natural and exact sciences have increasingly been used to study the past. In this chapter, we review how such developments can be applied to address questions regarding Neanderthal identification, phylogeny, chronology, mobility, climate, and diet. These examples illustrate how prehistoric studies are becoming inherently multidisciplinary, as each research strategy brings forward a different type of information. Piecing these various data together can enrich our understanding of Neanderthals, allowing us to gain a more comprehensive view of our past.