This review provides the reader with the up-to-date evidence-based basis for prescribing exercise as medicine in the treatment of patients with metabolic conditions (adiposity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes), cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebral apoplexy, and intermittent claudication), pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma), and cancer.