This study presents the results of a year-long study investigating the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Danish estuary, Horsens Fjord. The estuary is shallow with a mean depth of 2.9 m and receives high loadings of inorganic nutrients from its catchment. The behaviour of different DOM parameters i.e. dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and phosphorous (DOP), light absorption and eight fluorescence components, were analysed relative to conservative mixing. Many of the parameters did not behave conservatively. For DON, DOP and absorption, more than 65% of the freshwater concentration was removed initially at salinities below 12. At higher salinities two general patterns were identified. Concentrations of DON, DOP and four humic fluorescent fractions were not, or only weakly, related to salinity, showing that other processes than mixing were involved. Other parameters such as DOC and two terrestrial humic components behaved conservatively. The same was true for DON during winter. These results are consistent with the finding that autochthonous DOM was the dominant source of DOM in this estuary. The molar C:N and C:P ratios for DOM (DOC:DON and DOC:DOP) in freshwater were 11 and 758, respectively. The DOC:DON ratio increased in the estuary during the productive season to average values between 13 and 17, due to accumulation of DOC and removal of DON. The DOC:DOP ratio decreased within the estuary showing that in general DOM was enriched with phosphorous, however, during the spring, when phosphorous was limiting, the DOC:DOP ratio increased due to low DOP concentrations. We hypothesise that in estuaries with high loadings of inorganic nutrients relative to DOM, production and degradation of DOM within the estuary will dominate over allochthonous inputs and control both concentration and characteristics of DOM. A conceptual model for this hypothesis is presented. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.