Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articlepeer-review

Standard

Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression : a nationwide, prospective, register-based study. / Hjorthøj, Carsten; Østergaard, Marie Louise Drivsholm; Benros, Michael Eriksen; Toftdahl, Nanna Gilliam; Erlangsen, Annette; Andersen, Jon Thor Trærup; Nordentoft, Merete.

In: The Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 2, No. 9, 09.2015, p. 801-8.

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articlepeer-review

Harvard

Hjorthøj, C, Østergaard, MLD, Benros, ME, Toftdahl, NG, Erlangsen, A, Andersen, JTT & Nordentoft, M 2015, 'Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study', The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 801-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2

APA

Hjorthøj, C., Østergaard, M. L. D., Benros, M. E., Toftdahl, N. G., Erlangsen, A., Andersen, J. T. T., & Nordentoft, M. (2015). Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(9), 801-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2

Vancouver

Hjorthøj C, Østergaard MLD, Benros ME, Toftdahl NG, Erlangsen A, Andersen JTT et al. Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;2(9):801-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2

Author

Hjorthøj, Carsten ; Østergaard, Marie Louise Drivsholm ; Benros, Michael Eriksen ; Toftdahl, Nanna Gilliam ; Erlangsen, Annette ; Andersen, Jon Thor Trærup ; Nordentoft, Merete. / Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression : a nationwide, prospective, register-based study. In: The Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 ; Vol. 2, No. 9. pp. 801-8.

Bibtex

@article{ae7ea656b8564dbfa803bf86a6befab8,
title = "Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study",
abstract = "BACKGROUND: People with severe mental illness have both increased mortality and are more likely to have a substance use disorder. We assessed the association between mortality and lifetime substance use disorder in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression.METHODS: In this prospective, register-based cohort study, we obtained data for all people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression born in Denmark in 1955 or later from linked nationwide registers. We obtained information about treatment for substance use disorders (categorised into treatment for alcohol, cannabis, or hard drug misuse), date of death, primary cause of death, and education level. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and subhazard ratios (SHRs) for cause-specific mortality associated with substance use disorder of alcohol, cannabis, or hard drugs. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the mortality in the study populations to that of the background population.FINDINGS: Our population included 41 470 people with schizophrenia, 11 739 people with bipolar disorder, and 88 270 people with depression. In schizophrenia, the SMR in those with lifetime substance use disorder was 8·46 (95% CI 8·14-8·79), compared with 3·63 (3·42-3·83) in those without. The respective SMRs in bipolar disorder were 6·47 (5·87-7·06) and 2·93 (2·56-3·29), and in depression were 6·08 (5·82-6·34) and 1·93 (1·82-2·05). In schizophrenia, all substance use disorders were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, both individually (alcohol, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·40-1·65], p<0·0001; cannabis, 1·24 [1·04-1·48], p=0·0174; hard drugs, 1·78 [1·56-2·04], p<0·0001) and when combined. In bipolar disorder or depression, only substance use disorders of alcohol (bipolar disorder, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·27-1·81], p<0·0001; depression, 2·01 [1·86-2·18], p<0·0001) or hard drugs (bipolar disorder, 1·89 [1·34-2·66], p=0·0003; depression, 2·27 [1·98-2·60], p<0·0001) increased risk of all-cause mortality individually.INTERPRETATION: Mortality in people with mental illness is far higher in individuals with substance use disorders than in those without, particularly in people who misuse alcohol and hard drugs. Mortality-reducing interventions should focus on patients with a dual diagnosis and seek to prevent or treat substance use disorders.FUNDING: The Lundbeck Foundation.",
author = "Carsten Hjorth{\o}j and {\O}stergaard, {Marie Louise Drivsholm} and Benros, {Michael Eriksen} and Toftdahl, {Nanna Gilliam} and Annette Erlangsen and Andersen, {Jon Thor Tr{\ae}rup} and Merete Nordentoft",
note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",
year = "2015",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2",
language = "English",
volume = "2",
pages = "801--8",
journal = "The Lancet Psychiatry",
issn = "2215-0366",
publisher = "TheLancet Publishing Group",
number = "9",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression

T2 - a nationwide, prospective, register-based study

AU - Hjorthøj, Carsten

AU - Østergaard, Marie Louise Drivsholm

AU - Benros, Michael Eriksen

AU - Toftdahl, Nanna Gilliam

AU - Erlangsen, Annette

AU - Andersen, Jon Thor Trærup

AU - Nordentoft, Merete

N1 - Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PY - 2015/9

Y1 - 2015/9

N2 - BACKGROUND: People with severe mental illness have both increased mortality and are more likely to have a substance use disorder. We assessed the association between mortality and lifetime substance use disorder in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression.METHODS: In this prospective, register-based cohort study, we obtained data for all people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression born in Denmark in 1955 or later from linked nationwide registers. We obtained information about treatment for substance use disorders (categorised into treatment for alcohol, cannabis, or hard drug misuse), date of death, primary cause of death, and education level. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and subhazard ratios (SHRs) for cause-specific mortality associated with substance use disorder of alcohol, cannabis, or hard drugs. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the mortality in the study populations to that of the background population.FINDINGS: Our population included 41 470 people with schizophrenia, 11 739 people with bipolar disorder, and 88 270 people with depression. In schizophrenia, the SMR in those with lifetime substance use disorder was 8·46 (95% CI 8·14-8·79), compared with 3·63 (3·42-3·83) in those without. The respective SMRs in bipolar disorder were 6·47 (5·87-7·06) and 2·93 (2·56-3·29), and in depression were 6·08 (5·82-6·34) and 1·93 (1·82-2·05). In schizophrenia, all substance use disorders were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, both individually (alcohol, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·40-1·65], p<0·0001; cannabis, 1·24 [1·04-1·48], p=0·0174; hard drugs, 1·78 [1·56-2·04], p<0·0001) and when combined. In bipolar disorder or depression, only substance use disorders of alcohol (bipolar disorder, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·27-1·81], p<0·0001; depression, 2·01 [1·86-2·18], p<0·0001) or hard drugs (bipolar disorder, 1·89 [1·34-2·66], p=0·0003; depression, 2·27 [1·98-2·60], p<0·0001) increased risk of all-cause mortality individually.INTERPRETATION: Mortality in people with mental illness is far higher in individuals with substance use disorders than in those without, particularly in people who misuse alcohol and hard drugs. Mortality-reducing interventions should focus on patients with a dual diagnosis and seek to prevent or treat substance use disorders.FUNDING: The Lundbeck Foundation.

AB - BACKGROUND: People with severe mental illness have both increased mortality and are more likely to have a substance use disorder. We assessed the association between mortality and lifetime substance use disorder in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression.METHODS: In this prospective, register-based cohort study, we obtained data for all people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or unipolar depression born in Denmark in 1955 or later from linked nationwide registers. We obtained information about treatment for substance use disorders (categorised into treatment for alcohol, cannabis, or hard drug misuse), date of death, primary cause of death, and education level. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and subhazard ratios (SHRs) for cause-specific mortality associated with substance use disorder of alcohol, cannabis, or hard drugs. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare the mortality in the study populations to that of the background population.FINDINGS: Our population included 41 470 people with schizophrenia, 11 739 people with bipolar disorder, and 88 270 people with depression. In schizophrenia, the SMR in those with lifetime substance use disorder was 8·46 (95% CI 8·14-8·79), compared with 3·63 (3·42-3·83) in those without. The respective SMRs in bipolar disorder were 6·47 (5·87-7·06) and 2·93 (2·56-3·29), and in depression were 6·08 (5·82-6·34) and 1·93 (1·82-2·05). In schizophrenia, all substance use disorders were significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, both individually (alcohol, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·40-1·65], p<0·0001; cannabis, 1·24 [1·04-1·48], p=0·0174; hard drugs, 1·78 [1·56-2·04], p<0·0001) and when combined. In bipolar disorder or depression, only substance use disorders of alcohol (bipolar disorder, HR 1·52 [95% CI 1·27-1·81], p<0·0001; depression, 2·01 [1·86-2·18], p<0·0001) or hard drugs (bipolar disorder, 1·89 [1·34-2·66], p=0·0003; depression, 2·27 [1·98-2·60], p<0·0001) increased risk of all-cause mortality individually.INTERPRETATION: Mortality in people with mental illness is far higher in individuals with substance use disorders than in those without, particularly in people who misuse alcohol and hard drugs. Mortality-reducing interventions should focus on patients with a dual diagnosis and seek to prevent or treat substance use disorders.FUNDING: The Lundbeck Foundation.

U2 - 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2

DO - 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00207-2

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 26277044

VL - 2

SP - 801

EP - 808

JO - The Lancet Psychiatry

JF - The Lancet Psychiatry

SN - 2215-0366

IS - 9

ER -

ID: 162255510